{"id":950,"date":"2001-10-09T13:08:35","date_gmt":"2001-10-09T13:08:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ihrda.huritech.org\/?p=950"},"modified":"2010-11-07T19:26:33","modified_gmt":"2010-11-07T19:26:33","slug":"judicial-colloquium-on-locus-standi-in-administrative-justice-and-human-rights-enforcement-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/2001\/10\/judicial-colloquium-on-locus-standi-in-administrative-justice-and-human-rights-enforcement-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Judicial Colloquium on Locus Standi in Administrative Justice and Human Rights Enforcement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px initial initial;\">In cases involving human rights violations and those involving the responsibility of the State, the first obstacle encountered by the complainant is bound to question whether he has standing.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">If the complainant has no standing to act, the complaint will be declared inadmissible.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This is one element of the procedure, which over the years have influenced the substance of the law.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Most of the country&rsquo;s legal tradition of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">common law<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> have adopted the test of &lsquo;sufficient interest&rsquo; (<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Sufficient interest<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">) to determine the <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> standing.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">However, some courts of these countries have limited the interpretation of the test of sufficient interest to plaintiffs who have a legitimate right (<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">personal right<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">).<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This interpretation limits access to justice and therefore share the responsibility of the government in several ways:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\" type=\"disc\">\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Significantly reduces the number of plaintiffs may have standing;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Creates a dependence on financial resources and professional skills of a few people or even one, for use in court.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This is a limitation, even when the legal aid system is functional.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">The person standing will try to engage the appeal.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This can lead to intimidation or corruption.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">A breach must necessarily have occurred, meaning that no action could be taken as a precaution.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">From the above follows the submission of very few complaints against the state, regardless of motivation for proper administration, weak constitutional protection of economic policies and also unreliable because the difficulty of holding the State accountable for its actions do may fail to result in maladministration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">The tradition of the courts of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">common law<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> have in recent years expanded the test of legitimate interest (<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Sufficient interest<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">) to include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\" type=\"disc\">\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Relatives of the person whose rights have been violated;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">An association whose membership is the person whose rights have been violated or representing a number of complainants;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">The cause of action based on a collective right;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">the<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">actiopopularis<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">&lsquo;when the question raised by the complaint is related to the Constitution.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This broadening of the legitimate interest test encourages responsible behavior on the part of the state and taking into account the constitutional principles and avoids a flood of complaints.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">In addition, there has been a great expansion of the tradition of American law on the appearance as an amicus curiae (<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">amicus curiae<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">) as a means to address multiple aspects of wrongful conduct of the administration without to submit multiple complaints.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">This enlargement is also an effective mechanism to prevent violations of human rights.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">8 and 9 October 2001, the IHRDA organized a symposium to discuss these changes observed in recent years in implementing the principles of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> and attract the attention of practitioners on the importance of this aspect of procedural human right.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">The symposium was attended by staff of the judiciary and the Bar Association of the Gambia without forgetting other interested individuals from Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria and Sudan.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc234052580\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">In the ranks of the guests was a rich representation of African courts: Justice Hassan Jallow (Gambia Supreme Court), Judge KE Amua-Seki (Court of Appeal of Ghana), Judge Niki Tobi (Court of Appeal of Nigeria) , Judge George Gwanmesia (Supreme Court of Cameroon) and Justice Mam Yassin Sey (High Court of the Gambia).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Themes<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\" type=\"disc\">\n<li><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">The importance of <\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178857\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178858\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> and access to justice<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178859\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178861\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> The experience of Rauyaume Kingdom [<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178862\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> (2) (1994)]<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178864\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> and remedies against the state &#8211; the Gambian experience [C<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178866\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178867\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052591\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in Ghana [<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178868\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">) GLR 637 CA]<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178869\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in Nigerian law and practice [<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178870\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">FederalRepublic of Nigeria and Anor [1981] 2 NCLR]<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178871\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178872\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052596\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in the implementation of human rights<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178873\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052597\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in cases related to violations of human rights: Ghanaian court practice [<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Case note: Sam (No.2) v.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Attorney-General (2000); Tuffour v.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Attorney-General; Edusei v.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Attorney-General]<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in the Nigerian law and practice [<\/span><\/span><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Case Note: Senator Adesanya v.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">President, FederalRepublic of Nigeria and Anor [1981] 2 NCLR; <\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178874\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052598\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Olawoyin v.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Attorney-General of the Northern Region [1961] 1 All NR; <\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178875\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> [1987] 4 NWLR]<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178876\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052600\"><\/a><em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Locus standi<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"> in cases related to violations of human rights in Gambia [<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178877\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178878\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc234052602\"><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\">Implementation of human rights in Cameroon [<\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc532178879\"><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc532178880\"><\/a><em> <\/em><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-size: 100%; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; background-color: transparent; paddin \n<br \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In cases involving human rights violations and those involving the responsibility of the State, the first obstacle encountered by the complainant is bound to question&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62,415,295],"tags":[111],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/950"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=950"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/950\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=950"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=950"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ihrda.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}